Greece The Birthplace Of Democracy - 1600 Words

Despite being over a thousand years old, Ancient Greece is a culture that influences the minds of modern day humans from around the world. At their time, Greece was considered to be the finest place to receive an education and be enlightened by philosophers such as Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle. One could learn the Pythagorean Theorem, Hippocratic Oath, or the Socratic Method. But perhaps the greatest gift a man could receive from his government was democracy. Unlike other empires where a citizen’s opinion was considered inferior to the king’s, Greek leaders cared about their people’s opinion, especially the leaders of Athens. Athens is considered to be the birthplace of democracy. Democracy comes from the ancient Greek word demokratia which means â€Å"power from the people.† But what many modern day civilians do not know, is that Athens did not start off as a demokratia. Originally, Athens had established an oligarchy during the early Archaic Age . During this time, the population amongst the peasants started to rapidly increase. In addition, the economy started to reach a peak high as agriculture expanded. As more peasants realized that they were the source of life for nobles and ultimately the city state, they demanded political equality. To make matters worse for the social elite, these peasants began to become wealthier which allowed them to afford hoplite armor. Ultimately, the nobles gave into the peasants demand for a voice in the government and allowed themShow MoreRelatedThe Birthplace Of Democracy : Ancient Greece1129 Words   |  5 PagesBeing the birthplace of democracy gives Ancient Greece a very important reputation. One of the most famous civilizations lies between three seas, the Aegean Sea, Sea of Crete, and the Ionian Sea. Such abundance of water makes Ancient Greece good in fishing and trade. Two of the biggest city-states were Athens and Sparta. While Athens was a democracy, Sparta was an oligarchy, wh ich means ruled by few powerful and wealthy people. Ancient Greece is also known for many things like the birthplace of theRead MoreHow The Ancient Greeks And Romans Still Influence Our Modern World869 Words   |  4 Pagesunderstand how the ancient Greeks and Romans still influence our modern world. Ancient Greece was the birthplace modern mathematics, science, philosophy, architecture, literature, theater, art, architecture, Democracy, Law, and competitive sports. The term mathematics was invented by Pythagoras. It means that which is learned. In turn, mathematical theories were applied to building the great architecture of Greece. The great Greek temples are visual representations of the mathematical and aestheticRead MoreComparison Between Greece And Greece1376 Words   |  6 PagesWhen comparing Rome and Greece side by side, the two could easily be described as two sides of the same coin. Each heavily influenced the other, cultures mingled and ideas were shared. Greece and Rome in a sense were sister, but not twins. Sitting on the craggy Balkan Peninsula is a collection of powerful city-states known as Greece. Often credited as the birthplace of western culture, Greek culture shaped the western world into what it is today. Western philosophy, literature, mathematics, historyRead MoreRhetorical Analysis Of Obama Speech941 Words   |  4 PagesPresident Barack Obama addresses the citizens of Greece respectfully by learning some of their language, and attempting to make them feel as if they are equals. He began his speech with the Greek terms, â€Å"Yias sas! Kalispera!† This phrase translates to â€Å"Hello, good evening!† This speech was a praise to democracy, reminding people of its birthplace, Greece. The idea of Democracy, or Demokratia, emerged twenty-five centuries ago giving the people the right to rule. This speech is also directed towardsRead MoreImportance Of The Polis On Ancient Greek Life1608 Words   |  7 PagesMidterm Prompt 1 Discuss the importance of the polis in ancient Greek life, using Athens as an example. Trace the development of democracy in ancient Athens. â€Å"Polis is a term that is used to describe a tight knit small community of Ancient Greek citizens who agreed on certain rules and customs. Usually a polis was centered on a small town and the countryside the surrounded it† (Deering). The polis defined a public and communal space, the Agora, for the purpose of leading public affairs. The affairsRead MoreAncient Greek Of Ancient Greece1582 Words   |  7 Pages(Cartwright). A polis offered security for its inhabitants and gave organization to government through structure, function and hierarchy. The city of Athens is at the center of Ancient Greece. Most of what we know about ancient Greek culture depends on records from this principal polis. Athens is the birthplace of democracy and has been called the frame of western civilization. The polis of Athens included about 2500 square kilometers of territory. Surrounding poleis ranged somewhere in the 250 squareRead MoreThe Golden Age Of Greece1270 Words   |  6 PagesKevin S. Burton Sohn English II Honors 7 April 2015 Word Count: 1360 The Golden Age of Greece The golden age of Greece, especially the Periclean age of Athens, was considered to be the defining age of Greek history. The amount of cultural and intellectual innovation in Greece was at its height during the nearly 200 year period. From 500-300 BC, many great thinkers and philosophers rose and gave many a new perspective on life. As Matt Barrett explained, many philosopers, such as Socrates, dwelledRead MoreThe Political Systems Of The Hellenic World1130 Words   |  5 PagesWorld. The history of the ancient Greece might be possibly the most studied and researched period in human history. The Greeks left behind a lavish legacy; whole cities built of marble and granite, written records of own history in the form of poems, and in prose, the alphabet we use today, they have invented and refined, the set of laws we fallow, they first tested, but by far the greatest contribution they have left for posterity would be the invention of democracy. (Pomeroy, 2011: xiii) The ancientRead MoreAncient Greece : Western Civilization1260 Words   |  6 Pagespresent day Crete a people now called Minoans existed. The name comes from their King Minos. Minos and other Minoan kings grew rich from trade, and built fine palaces. Around 480 BC the golden age of Greece began. This is what historians call Classical Greece. (2) Ancient Greece is called â€Å"the birthplace of Western Civilization,† many western ideas on philosophy, government and art are from Greek civilization. The Greeks were fearless warriors, their culture and society were civilized, and they perfectedRead MoreAthens and Sparta Comparison1307 Words   |  6 Pagesaugment their trade, forcing Sparta s war machine to spring to life. Ultimately the Peloponnesian War was over the ideological and cultural rivalry between Athens and Sparta. Ancient Athens was a powerful city-state, the leading city of ancient Greece in the first millennium B.C. and a renowned center for learning. It has the longest history of any city in Europe; it has been inhabited continuously for over 3000 years. Originally ruled by a king, it was like many of the other city-states surrounding

The True Transcendentalist Thoreau and Emerson - 775 Words

Throughout the years there has been multiple different types of American literary movements. Like the Puritan which was a time of when people wrote personal poems, journals, and their personal diaries. The next is Enlightenment period was a time in which it was mostly about science and logic also it included political writings. Another wonderful literary movement is the Romanticism which was filled with emotion, individuality, and nature. But one of the greatest literary movements the one that will be focused on is transcendentalism. Transcendentalism is intuition and individual conscience that helps lead to the truth. When transcendentalism began to start two people played a major role Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau, but who is truly a transcendentalist. Ralph Waldo Emerson was born in Boston, Massachusetts on May 25, 1803. His father was a minister as well as seven of his male family members. He graduated from Harvard University at the age of eighteen. Then he taught school with his brother William for three years. Which Emerson was unhappy teaching so he decided to go and change his life.Which was going back to college at Harvard Divinity School to become a minister like his ancestors. Emerson achieved his ministry license in 1826. Emerson was ordained to the Unitary church in 18929. Emerson married Ellen Tucker in 1829 then died two years later of tuberculosis. After her death Emerson was distraught which lead him to resign from the clergy. AfterShow MoreRelatedEmily Dickinson: Transcendentalist Experience Through Imagination1514 Words   |  7 PagesEmily Dickinson: Transcendentalist Experience Through Imagination The early 19th century ideas of transcendentalism, which were introduced by Ralph Emerson and David Thoreau, where man as an individual becomes spiritually consumed with nature and himself through experience are contrasted by Emily Dickinson, who chose to branch off this path by showing that a transcendentalist experience could be achieved through imagination alone. These three monumental writers set the boundaries for this newRead MoreTranscendentalism Is Not A Beneficial Way Of Life1403 Words   |  6 Pagesworld and society to find true peace. Thoreau’s â€Å"Walden† is about leaving the cities, abandoning one’s possessions and living out in nature to find one s true self. Emerson’s â€Å"Self- Reliance† is about resisting society and living true to oneself and never following society’s standards. A modern Transcendentalist named Josh from the novel The Gospel According to Larry by Janet Tashjian follows in the footsteps of Emerson and Thoreau and tries to live a Transcendentalist way of life. When a personRead MoreMisunderstood Visionary : Ralph Waldo Emerson1509 Words   |  7 PagesMisunderstood Visionary Ralph Waldo Emerson was a man who believed in self-trust which is mentioned in one of his readings â€Å"Self-Reliance†. â€Å"Self-Reliance† is in favor of nurturing thyself and keeping the mind active in questioning the much larger force where self-reliance is uncovered. Some perceive Emerson as someone who challenges the limitations of society and the human norms we use thought-out our daily lives. Could we really say he was naà ¯ve? Better yet, he was misunderstood for being a visionaryRead MoreThe Dream of the American Renaissance1016 Words   |  4 Pagesprior, and expands upon the growing interest of the common man. 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Jeremiah Johnson is a modern movie that seemingly adopts the ideas of these transcendentalist authors into a narrative about a man who leaves civilisationRead MoreTranscendentalism : The Light That We Can Not See1689 Words   |  7 Pagesthe anti-transcendentalist argument – that although individuals seek transcendentalism, they can never truly realize it, or, to compare with the sun, see it. Rather, they inevitably place attent ion on the â€Å"moon,† the perspicuous reflection of transcendentalism – that is, individualism – and neglect the responsibilities of society. Emerson institutes the philosophy of transcendentalism in his essay, Nature, teaching that divinity pervades all nature and humanity. Although transcendentalists would offerRead MoreThe Influence Of Nonconformism And Non Transcendentalism1419 Words   |  6 PagesTranscendentalists are people who believe in 5 important values which together makes a transcendentalist, a transcendentalist. These are self-reliance, connection to nature, freedom of thought, nonconformity, and self-confidence. Non-transcendentalists most likely think the extreme transcendentalists are quite different, but transcendentalists view non-transcendentalists the same; not normal. Transcendentalists view the relationship between the individual and society in a very different light thanRead MoreIs Transcendentalism The Way Of Life?1423 Words   |à ‚  6 Pagesworld and society to find true peace. Thoreau’s â€Å"Walden† is about leaving the cities, abandoning one’s possessions and living out in nature to find one s true self. Emerson’s â€Å"Self- Reliance† is about resisting society and living true to oneself and never following society’s standards. A modern Transcendentalist named Josh from the novel The Gospel According to Larry by Janet Tashjian follows in the footsteps of Emerson and Thoreau and tries to live a Transcendentalist way of life. When a personRead MoreTranscendentalism And Its Impact On Society1491 Words   |  6 Pagestheir identified ideology. The transcendentalists basically had this triangle where the basics of their beliefs were outlined, starting off with God at the top, the man in the left corner, and finally nature in the right corner, these could very well be the cornerstones of the transcendental belief system that they have in place. There were many areas that fell within in this triangle, but those are to be discussed later into this evaluation, but the transcendentalist was part of a movement duringRead MoreTranscendentalism: Henry David Thoreau Essay1096 Words   |  5 PagesHenry David Thoreau was born on July 12, 1817 in Concord, Massachusetts. Thoreau grew up in poverty; his dad was unsuccessful and had trouble maintaining a steady job. Thoreau followed in his father’s footsteps, ultimately bouncing from job to job, scorned by society for his unconventional way of living and lack of income (Henry David Thoreau, Discovering Biography). Thoreau began to write with the guidance of Ralph Waldo Emerson who became one of the most important influences in his life. Living

Cessation Minimization Among Aboriginals †Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Cessation Minimization Among Aboriginals? Answer: Introduction Australian indigenous people and aboriginals suffer from shorter life expectancies and higher burden of ill health conditions when compared to other nations. They have been suffering from worsened and poor health status since the 1970-1980s. The difference in the health situation between indigenous and non-indigenous groups is attributed to historical, socio-political and distal factors. Just like any other nation, the non- indigenous Australian population enjoys a better life expectancy. According to several studies, aboriginals who live in remote areas are vulnerable to a higher risk of smoking and poor healthcare facilities (Abs.gov.au, 2017). Several studies that evaluate the ways by which aboriginal and indigenous smokers can be influenced and motivate to quit smoking have been conducted. Some studies have illustrated the different intervention strategies that should be followed to minimize or reduce the harmful effects of smoking or tobacco consumption on aboriginal health. This report aims to conduct an extensive literature review and summarize their findings on the effectiveness of interventions that can reduce harm related to tobacco consumption among indigenous Australian population. Search protocol Evidence based literature search to analyze the outcomes and effectiveness of several intervention services that have been implemented on indigenous Australian population for cessation of smoking habits and tobacco harm minimization was conducted. The main interest of this literature review lies in recognizing qualitative and quantitative research studies that gave an insight into the health outcomes and experiences of aboriginals. A multilevel iterative technique was designed for the literature search. 3 databases were used: MEDLINE (biomedical literature), CINAHL (allied health and nursing literature) and Cochrane library (randomized controlled trials and systematic review) (Bergamaschi et al. 2016). The abstracts of the retrieved articles were checked for relevance regarding intervention strategies. The search terms were smoking prevalence in aboriginals, indigenous smoking harm reduction, smoking cessation among aboriginals, aboriginal tobacco control. The inclusion and exclusion criteria were drawn. Inclusion criteria Any intervention that illustrated reduction of smoking or use of commercial tobacco was selected. The selected interventions were classified to key priority areas based on the working principles of NATSIHP. Studies were included in the review if they involved nonmedical therapeutic procedures. Peer reviewed journals published in English were used for the systematic review. Study literature not more than 5 years old were included in the review. The user group was indigenous adults who had smoking habits. The review focused on vulnerable, special and disadvantaged population group. Exclusion criteria Non-English journals and those published prior to 2012 were not considered. Interventions that illustrated reduction of ceremonial tobacco use were excluded. Evidence from several data that focused on implementing smoke free policies suggested that exposure to second hand smoke and prevalence of smoking among young and adolescent significantly reduced on application of these policies. A study was conducted in the Cultural and Indigenous Research Centre that proved that stringent legislations related to smoking in public spaces has substantially reduced smoking environment over the past decade (Ell, Abel and Pedic 2013). It was suggested by Thomas, McLellan and Perera (2013) that effective media campaigns, smoking restriction in schools and promoting ill effects of smoking on the health of young people were effective in reducing the sales of tobacco among minors. When the retail outlets in the community adhere to the legislative regulations imposed by the government, the sales of tobacco could be effectively monitored. Another study showed that 3 business organizations out of 21, operating form the remote areas of Queensland northern commu nities practiced smoke free policies. The remaining 18 practiced informal smoking policies and all of these organizations had smoke free zones. However, these legislations often made the smokers feel persecuted. They also created a rift between the smokers and non-smokers and created a feeling of solidarity among them. The workforce should be consulted before implementation of any such smoke free policies to avoid untoward situations. This acted as a successful, intervention strategy (Campbell et al. 2014). An increase in the taxes imposed on tobacco successfully reduced the rate of tobacco purchase and motivated several people to quit smoking (Chaloupka, Yurekli and Fong 2012). Randomized control trials, pre and post studies were undertaken to monitor the effect of tobacco prevention and smoking cessation in indigenous people (Carson et al. 2014). It was found that smoking levels got considerably reduced in 12 out of 15 controlled trials on follow up. However, the results of cessation on the younger population were not evident. The study provided evidence for the combination of behavioral, psychological and biochemical factors to cater to the needs of indigenous population. Interventions that encompassed a greater number of components increased the likelihood of reducing smoking levels. Certain indigenous communities from Australia also proved that increase in the tobacco prices affected smoking rates. 7 months after there was an increase in tobacco price, the consumption rates among a boriginals were found to reduce by as much as 2.2% on an average (Thomas et al. 2012). However, the results were not consistent across all the stores that were analyzed for the study. Mass media campaigns and social marketing strategies have an important role to play in smoking cessation and act as good intervention policies. The campaigns have proved effective in preventing smoking when they were combined with tobacco control measures (Durkin, Brennan and Wakefield 2012). These campaigns help in molding and altering the behavior and attitude of smokers towards tobacco consumption and promote the benefits of abstinence from smoking. They help in preventing smoking relapse among aboriginals by reminding them the reason behind stopping smoking (Wakefield et al. 2012). Television has been proved to the most efficient mode of media strategy that has a wider reach among people belonging to all strata of population and positively influences adult smokers. Moreover, personal testimonials are also essential in positively influencing people to quit smoking (Farrelly et al. 2012). A study that reviewed the effect of smoking among indigenous population by using several randomized control trials failed to show any significant effects of smoking cessation on both aboriginal or non-aboriginal Australian population. Higher rates of smoking cessation were reported among people who were subjected to intervention methods. Cultural approach and knowledge based awareness drives helped to increase quitting rates (Gould et al. 2012). A national survey, Talking About the Smokes, displayed the voice of 3000 indigenous smokers and non-smokers (Thomas 2014). The survey suggested that future activities, which target smoking cessation among aboriginals, should utilize the standards of society acceptance for tobacco consumptions. An intensive program designed for aboriginal population showed significant reduction rates in smoking quit rates by double amount (Marley et al. 2014). A school based disease education program was also conducted that influenced healthy lifestyle choices among indigenous people and encouraged positive role model influences on the students. This study was conducted across 20 schools and utilized video campaigns and social marketing strategies. It proved to have a positive impact on the attitude, knowledge and self efficacy of the aboriginal students and reduced the impact of smoking among them (Malseed et al. 2014). The quit rates increased to a significant amount of 12% on application of intensive counseling therapies. However, disparity between the number of participants adhering to usual care routines (95) and those using the intervention (49) made the study statistically underpowered. 11 different approaches that were based on increasing rates of physical activity among young aboriginals were identified in one study. Out of these approaches, implementation that targeted the community showed significant and relevant positive effect s in smoking cessation on a follow up after 12 months (Baker and Costello 2014). Critical appraisal A critical appraisal was undertaken to determine the effectiveness and evidence quality of each intervention strategy. These CASP tools will help to formulate and design future recommendations and sustainability of the proposed intervention techniques (Munn et al. 2014). CASP tool for systematic review Chamberlain et al. 2017 Roche and Ober 1997 Did the review address a clearly focused question? Yes (investigated evidence for tobacco consumption reduction among indigenous people) Yes (examined the potential of harm minimization to address smoking among aboriginals and Torres Strait islanders) Did the authors look for the right type of papers? Yes (MEDLINE, EMBASE and indigenous health databases were searched) Cant tell (No information on the search strategy or use of any database is available) Were all relevant studies included? Yes (21 studies that focused on effective interventions for smoking reduction among aboriginals were included) Yes (most of the studies that were assessed focused on smoking among aboriginal health workers, tobacco use in Australia, household and national surveys and mortality among indigenous people. However, some articles on heart diseases, territory health outcome, psychoactive harm reduction and drug addiction were also considered) Did the author do enough to access the quality of included studies? Yes (the studies not only included indigenous participants from Australia but also focused on other vulnerable and disadvantaged population) Yes (they analyzed several surveys to identify the essential elements related to tobacco reduction and devised approaches for harm minimization) If the results have been combined, was it reasonable to do so? Yes, the results were combined since, thorough analysis of data from all the included studies provided access to a variety of evidence based smoking cessation practices and suggested the role of mass media campaigns in harm minimization. Yes, most of the studies focused on decreasing mortality and morbidity, increasing cessation, reducing healthcare expenditure and second hand exposure to smoke. What are the overall results? 4studies reported that a surge in tobacco taxes and price reduces their affordability and prompts quitting of smoking. 3 studies identified the effectiveness of implementation of legislative interventions and pack warnings in reducing tobacco sales among minors. Majority of the studies illustrated that mass media campaigns, social marketing, community based strategies subsequently change the behavior and perception among tobacco consumers and promote tobacco cessation when they are applied in conjunction with other control activities. Pharmacological interventions like use of bupropion and nicotine replacement therapies also work as efficient interventions. The studies also suggested the presence of smoke free environment to reduce second hand smoke exposure among people. The study showed that major harm reduction strategies should include increasing accessibility to treatment, decreasing drug intake, safer delivery routes, early detection monitoring, protecting non-smokers by restricting smoking zones and destigmatising use by showing empathy towards aboriginals who failed to quit smoking. How precise are the results? The review was examined for similarities with the principles of NATSIHP. The major priorities were well identified in most of the primary studies. However, some of the secondary studies failed to provide evidence for fine aspects of the probable interventions. The indigenous community practiced fewer harm reduction or cessation approaches than the wider communities. The study evaluated the National Drug Strategy Survey, which showed that 32 aboriginals had reduced smoking in 1994, compared to 41 people belonging to the general population in 1993. Can the results be applied to local population? Yes Yes Were all important outcomes considered? Yes (Effect of elimination of smoking promotion or advertising were not identified in any indigenous population specific study) No (effect of media campaigns, taxation rates and smoking legislations were not measured) Are the benefits worth the harm and costs? Yes (There were no harms associated) Yes (harm reduction concept needs to be destigmatised among aboriginals) CASP tool for randomized control trial Malseed et al. 2014 Marley et al. 2014 Carson et al 2014 Did the trial address a clearly focused issue? Yes (investigated the effectiveness of health programs in schools for aboriginals to combat chronic health conditions) Yes (tested efficacy of multidimensional smoking cessation program on aboriginals) Yes (evaluated the effectiveness and safety of VT and quitline on smokers) Was the assignment of patients to treatment randomized? No Yes Yes Were all patients accounted for at conclusion? Yes Yes (study endpoints were considered at 6 and 12 months after enrolment) Yes (12 weeks of treatment was followed for all participants) Were patients, health workers and study personnel blind to treatment? No The staff were blinded to the study Yes Were the groups similar at start of trial? Yes (11-18 years of students were selected) Yes (aboriginal and Torres Strait islanders, aged more than16 years were selected) Yes (all patients were adults with smoking related diseases) Were the groups treated equally? Yes (Deadly choice program was applied to all) Yes (all participants received routine care related to smoking cessation Yes (subjects received varenicline tartrate and quitline counseling together) How large was the treatment effect? Significant changes observed in intervention group regarding knowledge on smoking Smoking cessation rate was double for intervention group VT was tolerated among subjects with acute smoking illness; self reported adverse event was nausea How precise was the estimate of treatment effect? (P= 0.006) (P= 0.131) (16.3% nausea in the VT+C group and 1.5% in the counseling group) Can the results be applied in this context? Yes Yes Yes Were all clinically important outcomes considered? Yes (physical activity, leadership education and health checkup increases self efficacy among minors and can promote smoke quitting). Yes (Self reported smoking cessation rates were measured at final follow up) Yes (effect of VT+quitline counseling and of quitline counseling alone were measured) Recommendation Tobacco use has a substantially greater prevalence among Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders when compared to the general Australian population. 42% of the indigenous population is daily smokers and the smoking rates among them are considerably high (Upton et al. 2014). However, national surveys suggest that a progressive decline in daily smoking limits have been observed since the last decade. Several socio-economic factors, psychological stress, homelessness and exposure to criminal system act as major contributors to high smoking prevalence among aboriginals. Several randomized control trials and systemic reviews provide evidence for the effectiveness of intervention methods on smoking cessation activities. From the above discussed literature review it can be concluded that smoking cessation interventions include motivational counseling, peer support programs, pharmacotherapy, increased educational awareness in ill effects of tobacco consumption, social and mass media campaigns , tobacco litigation and proper enactment of the legislations at all places, creating smoke free environments and increasing tax rates on tobacco products. These intervention programs must be funded because they will help to curb down healthcare costs significantly (they reduced costs associated with hospitalizations by $ 134 billion in California), will increase productivity at workplace and lead to less occurrence of disabilities (Lightwood and Glantz 2013). Moreover, if these interventions are funded then they will reduce medical expenditures and incidence of smoking related chronic diseases. Previously conducted cessation programs have proved beneficial in reducing the number of adult smokers and have shown a drastic fall in cigarette sales (Rabius et al. 2014). Therefore, it can be concluded that if the government agencies and health based organizations increase their funding on research and development of smoking cessation programs, the aboriginals would be highly affected and a healthy community will prevail. References Abs.gov.au (2017).4714.0 - National Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Social Survey, 2014-15. [online] Abs.gov.au. Available at: https://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/DetailsPage/4714.02014-15?OpenDocument [Accessed 23 Sep. 2017]. Baker, P. and Costello, J., 2014. Evidence Synthesis on Effective Physical Activity and Nutritional Health Promotion Programs. Bergamaschi, S., Ferro, N., Guerra, F. and Silvello, G., 2016. Keyword-based search over databases: a roadmap for a reference architecture paired with an evaluation framework. InTransactions on Computational Collective Intelligence XXI(pp. 1-20). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. Campbell, S., Bohanna, I., McKeown-Young, D., Esterman, A., Cadet-James, Y. and McDermott, R., 2014. Evaluation of a community-based tobacco control intervention in five remote north Queensland Indigenous communities.International Journal of Health Promotion and Education,52(2), pp.78-89. Campbell, S., Bohanna, I., McKeown-Young, D., Esterman, A., Cadet-James, Y. and McDermott, R., 2014. Evaluation of a community-based tobacco control intervention in five remote north Queensland Indigenous communities.International Journal of Health Promotion and Education,52(2), pp.78-89. Carson, K.V., Smith, B.J., Brinn, M.P., Peters, M.J., Fitridge, R., Koblar, S.A., Jannes, J., Singh, K., Veale, A.J., Goldsworthy, S. and Litt, J., 2014. Safety of varenicline tartrate and counseling versus counseling alone for smoking cessation: a randomized controlled trial for inpatients (STOP study).nicotine tobacco research,16(11), pp.1495-1502. Chaloupka, F.J., Yurekli, A. and Fong, G.T., 2012. Tobacco taxes as a tobacco control strategy.Tobacco Control,21(2), pp.172-180. Durkin, S., Brennan, E. and Wakefield, M., 2012. Mass media campaigns to promote smoking cessation among adults: an integrative review.Tobacco control,21(2), pp.127-138. Ell, P., Abel, M. and Pedic, F., 2013. National Tobacco Campaign Formative Research. GKF Australia. Farrelly, M.C., Duke, J.C., Davis, K.C., Nonnemaker, J.M., Kamyab, K., Willett, J.G. and Juster, H.R., 2012. Promotion of smoking cessation with emotional and/or graphic antismoking advertising.American journal of preventive medicine,43(5), pp.475-482. Gould, G.S., Munn, J., Watters, T., McEwen, A. and Clough, A.R., 2012. Knowledge and views about maternal tobacco smoking and barriers for cessation in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders: a systematic review and meta-ethnography.Nicotine Tobacco Research,15(5), pp.863-874. Lightwood, J. and Glantz, S.A., 2013. The effect of the California tobacco control program on smoking prevalence, cigarette consumption, and healthcare costs: 19892008.PloS one,8(2), p.e47145. Malseed, C., Nelson, A. and Ware, R., 2014. Evaluation of a school-based health education program for urban Indigenous young people in Australia.Health,6(07), p.587. Marley, J.V., Atkinson, D., Kitaura, T., Nelson, C., Gray, D., Metcalf, S. and Maguire, G.P., 2014. The Be Our Ally Beat Smoking (BOABS) study, a randomised controlled trial of an intensive smoking cessation intervention in a remote aboriginal Australian health care setting.BMC public health,14(1), p.32. Munn, Z., Moola, S., Riitano, D. and Lisy, K., 2014. The development of a critical appraisal tool for use in systematic reviews addressing questions of prevalence.International journal of health policy and management,3(3), p.123. Rabius, V., Karam?Hage, M., Blalock, J.A. and Cinciripini, P.M., 2014. Meaningful use provides a meaningful opportunity.Cancer,120(4), pp.464-468. Roche, A.M. and Ober, C., 1997. Rethinking smoking among Aboriginal Australians: the harm minimisation-abstinence conundrum.Aboriginal and Islander Health Worker Journal,21(5), p.16. Thomas, D.P., 2014. Talking about the Smokes: preliminary findings from baseline survey. Thomas, D.P., Ferguson, M., Johnston, V. and Brimblecombe, J., 2012. Impact and perceptions of tobacco tax increase in remote Australian Aboriginal communities.nicotine tobacco research,15(6), pp.1099-1106. Thomas, R.E., McLellan, J. and Perera, R., 2013. School?based programmes for preventing smoking.Evidence?Based Child Health: A Cochrane Review Journal,8(5), pp.1616-2040. Upton, P., Davey, R., Evans, M., Mikhailovich, K., Simpson, L. and Hacklin, D., 2014. Tackling Indigenous Smoking and Healthy Lifestyle Programme Review: A Rapid Review of the Literature. Wakefield, M.A., Bowe, S.J., Durkin, S.J., Yong, H.H., Spittal, M.J., Simpson, J.A. and Borland, R., 2012. Does tobacco-control mass media campaign exposure prevent relapse among recent quitters?.Nicotine Tobacco Research,15(2), pp.385-392

My Philosophy Of Education Essays - Educational Psychology

My Philosophy of Education My own philosophy of education is rather difficult for me to explain. There are many parts of our educational system that I disagree with. The problem is that I see far too many problems, yet offer few answers. Today's educational systems seem so trendy and political. It almost seems like we should not get comfortable with any one way of doing things because policies and procedures change so often. My own philosophy is one that many people have heard of, ?If it's not broken, then don't fix it!?. This is simple, and so am I. Upon reading some of the different philosophical views towards education, I found many really good ideas. Each philosophy is presented very attractively. And why not? The people who set forth these particular ideas were very passionate about what they believed in. Unfortunately, we could all debate about the different philosophical views of education until we are blue in the face. This still doesn't actually make any one opinion, better than any of the others. We all have opinions, what we need is common ground between them. Hopefully, that is what my educational philosophy stands for. The metaphysics, or nature of reality, of my philosophy starts with the subjects we study in school. Subjects should be functional to today's world. Our educational system is far more diverse today than it has ever been, and our subject matter should reflect that. The reality of the subjects studied in school, should also reflect upon the reality in each student's environment. Reality can change, because environments change. Textbooks and literature become somewhat obsolete after a while because our culture changes so rapidly. That is not to say that classic pieces of literature are not of use in the classroom, but each literary product presented in the classroom should hold some information that is relatively useful for all of the students. When considering metaphysics in the classroom, I believe that religion is something for outside of the classroom. There are far too many religious beliefs in the world to accommodate all of them, so that is an area best left alone. This leaves plenty of time for other areas of development. If it is the wish of a family to have religion addressed in the classroom, then there are certain specialized schools that do just that. I believe it is the responsibility of the church to educate their youth in these areas. Lastly, writing skills are important to the metaphysics of my educational philosophy. Writing is a necessity in order to accurately document events and opinions. Distinguishing the difference between fact and fiction can be quite difficult. But a strong foundation of writing skills make identifying ?reality?, that much easier. The epistemology, or nature of knowledge, in my philosophy is much like that of the pragmatists. I believe that interaction with the environment is a key part of education. Education should extend outside of the classroom. Life is a constant learning process in itself. If we compared how much time we learn in classrooms to the amount we learn out of them, there is no comparison. If an environmental science class is learning how to use a compass in the woods, then that is exactly what they should do, literally. Another part of my epistemology is problem solving. Once again I find myself siding with the pragmatist view. There are many people who are ?book smart?, but not so many of those people can practically apply that knowledge. Today's system praises short term memory. Far too many subjects are taught and then forgotten. If we desire to retain information then it must be useful and interesting to us. Knowledge has definitely taken a back seat to the test score. It is very possible to obtain an ?A?, in a subject but not actually learn anything about it. Today's society values grades, not knowledge. They are two very different things. The axiology, or the nature of values, is also a very sensitive area to touch upon. Moral values, for the most part, should be taught at home. Ethics are an important part of education (plagiarism, dishonesty, etc.). If ethical values are going to be worthwhile, then they must be part of life outside of the classroom as well. If the gap between ethics outside of school differs greatly from that of ethics inside the classroom, the learning process can be greatly hindered. A perfect example, in my mind, is the recent tragedy at Columbine high school in Colorado.